Known and Knowable
Definition
The IPEV evidence standard, set out in the commentary under paragraph 2.5 of the Guidelines: information that is known or knowable as of the measurement date is in scope at every quarterly Fair Value remark, whether the founder surfaced it or not. The Guidelines define it as facts, conditions or observable information that exist at the measurement date and are available to the valuer, or would reasonably be available through routine inquiry or due diligence; information that becomes known, or events that occur, after the measurement date are subsequent events and are not known or knowable at that date. Known information is on the company's books, in board minutes, or in disclosed correspondence. Knowable information is what a competent valuer can reasonably find — patent registers, regulatory filings, trade press, sector benchmarks, ICAEW/SEC filings, customer references obtained through reasonable enquiry. The standard is asymmetric in the founder's disfavour: information that's knowable but unsurfaced is held against the company, not the analyst. Pre-emptive evidence-building flips the asymmetry — when a founder builds an Opagio 12 evidence inventory before raise, the Valuer's 'knowable' search returns evidence the founder controls rather than evidence the founder forgot. The December 2025 edition of the Guidelines expanded the explanation of how to interpret known or knowable information; the concept itself entered the commentary in the 2022 edition.
Complementary Terms
Concepts that frequently appear alongside Known and Knowable in practice.
The International Private Equity and Venture Capital Valuation Guidelines (IPEV Guidelines) are best-practice recommendations, published by the IPEV Board, for measuring the Fair Value of private equity and venture capital investments consistently with IFRS 13 and ASC 820. They apply at investment level: a fund's Valuer uses them to value the fund's holding in each portfolio company at every measurement date — typically quarterly — with one or more of five techniques (multiples, industry valuation benchmarks, available market prices, discounted cash flows and net assets), calibrated to the price of a recent orderly investment.
The documented record that establishes an intangible asset exists, where it sits in the Opagio 12 framework, what it is worth, and how that value can be defended at a measurement date. Evidence comes in four forms: identification (the asset is named and classified), provenance (the source documents are attached), measurement (a valuation method has been applied with documented inputs), and persistence (the evidence is reviewed and updated on a defined cadence).
The date at which Fair Value is determined under IFRS 13, ASC 820, and IPEV Valuation Guidelines. For PE and VC funds, the measurement date is typically the end of each calendar quarter, with formal Fair Value reporting to LPs within 45–60 days.
The Opagio attestation that an asset, company, or practitioner meets a defined evidence-quality standard. Modelled on the hallmark on silver: the hallmark certifies that the metal has been tested by an independent assay office and meets a defined standard of purity — it does not certify that the silver is valuable, or that any particular price should be paid for it.
The formal, auditable record of the intangible assets a business owns, with each asset individually named, described and classified against the Opagio 12 intangible value drivers. It is the output of Guided Asset Discovery, the first step of The Opagio Method, and it exists because the accounting standards leave most intangible value undocumented: IAS 38 and FRS 102 Section 18 prohibit recognising internally generated intangibles on the balance sheet, so brand, software, customer relationships, data and know-how built in-house appear nowhere in the filed accounts.
A founder-side preparation discipline that builds the evidence base a Fund's Fair Value process needs at every measurement date — before the term sheet conversation begins. Distinct from valuation negotiation: a Fair Value defence isn't about arguing for a higher number, it's about producing the inputs the Fund's quarterly Fair Value model will consume for the duration of the investment.
The IPEV discipline that gives a Fair Value model its memory. Entry inputs (the most recent funding round price, comparable transactions, noted multiples, identified intangible assets) become reference points; deltas are tracked at every measurement date.
A reconciliation document that maps founder-reported EBITDA to a Fund's maintainable EBITDA, identifying each adjustment per IPEV Section 3.4 with documented evidence. The bridge typically traces non-recurring spend, discontinued lines, one-time items, founder compensation normalisation, and pro-forma adjustments — each with source documentation (board minutes, contracts, payroll) and the known-and-knowable evidence flag.
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