Acquiring Bank

A financial institution licensed by card networks to issue payment cards (credit, debit, or prepaid) to consumers and businesses. The issuing bank extends credit or provides access to deposited funds, bears the cardholder's credit risk, and receives interchange fees on each transaction.

A fee paid by the acquiring bank to the issuing bank each time a payment card transaction is processed, representing the largest component of the merchant discount rate. Interchange fees are set by card networks (Visa, Mastercard) and vary by card type, merchant category, transaction method (card-present vs card-not-present), and jurisdiction.

The total fee charged to a merchant for processing a payment card transaction, expressed as a percentage of the transaction value plus a fixed per-transaction fee. The MDR comprises three components: the interchange fee (paid to the issuing bank), the card network assessment fee (paid to Visa/Mastercard), and the acquirer's markup.

The end-to-end handling of electronic payment transactions from initiation through authorisation, clearing, and settlement. Payment processing involves multiple parties — merchants, payment gateways, acquiring banks, card networks, issuing banks, and payment processors — coordinating in real time to validate, authorise, and settle funds.

A technology service that authorises and processes electronic payment transactions between merchants and acquiring banks or payment processors. Payment gateways encrypt sensitive payment data, route transactions to the appropriate card networks, and return authorisation responses in real time.

A set of technology-based financing solutions that optimise cash flow by enabling suppliers to receive early payment of their invoices at a discount, funded by a financial institution or platform, while the buyer retains its original payment terms. Supply chain finance (also known as reverse factoring) benefits all parties: suppliers improve working capital, buyers extend payment terms without damaging supplier relationships, and financiers earn a return backed by the buyer's credit quality.

A detailed financial analysis, typically prepared by an accounting firm on behalf of a buyer or lender, that assesses the sustainability, accuracy, and adjustability of a target company's reported earnings. A QoE report examines revenue recognition policies, non-recurring items, related-party transactions, working capital normalisation, pro forma adjustments, and the bridge from reported EBITDA to adjusted EBITDA.

A form of receivables financing in which a business sells its outstanding invoices to a third-party factor at a discount in exchange for immediate cash. The factor assumes responsibility for collecting payment from the underlying debtors and bears the credit risk in non-recourse arrangements.