What is Total Factor Productivity (TFP)?
Short Answer
TFP measures the portion of output growth that cannot be explained by increases in labour or capital inputs — it captures the efficiency gains from innovation, technology, and better management.
Full Explanation
Total Factor Productivity (TFP), also called multifactor productivity, is a core concept in growth accounting. It measures the residual output growth after accounting for measurable input changes in labour and capital. When a company's revenue grows faster than its workforce and capital base, TFP is the driver — and it overwhelmingly comes from intangible assets: better processes, stronger brands, proprietary technology, and accumulated know-how. TFP is calculated using the Solow residual method or more granular approaches like the KLEMS framework. At the firm level, rising TFP signals that the business is getting more productive, not just bigger. Opagio's Productivity Calculator uses growth accounting methodology to decompose your company's output growth into labour contribution, capital contribution, and TFP — giving founders and investors a clear picture of where growth is actually coming from.
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